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typhoid fever test - translation to arabic
![[[Almroth Edward Wright]] developed the first effective typhoid vaccine.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Almroth Wright c1900.jpg?width=200 "[[Almroth Edward Wright]] developed the first effective typhoid vaccine.")
![A 1939 conceptual illustration showing various ways that typhoid bacteria can contaminate a [[water well]] (center)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ForskeligeVeje ad hvilkenBroen kan inficeres medTyfusbaciller.png?width=200 "A 1939 conceptual illustration showing various ways that typhoid bacteria can contaminate a [[water well]] (center)")
![Doctor administering a typhoid [[vaccination]] at a school in [[San Augustine County, Texas]], 1943](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Typhoid inoculation2.jpg?width=200 "Doctor administering a typhoid [[vaccination]] at a school in [[San Augustine County, Texas]], 1943")
Wikipedia
The Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth is a persistent urban legend, stating that 90,000 people in Chicago died of typhoid fever and cholera in 1885. Although the story is widely reported, these deaths did not occur.
Lake Michigan was the source of Chicago's drinking water. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the Chicago River far out into the lake. Citizens feared that sewage run-off from the storm would reach the intake cribs of the Chicago lake tunnels (built in 1866 and 1874) and pollute the city’s drinking water.
According to the legend, typhoid, cholera and other waterborne diseases from the contaminated drinking water killed up to 90,000 people. The Chicago Sanitary District (now The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) was said to have been created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to a terrible epidemic which killed thousands of residents of this fledgling city.
However, analysis of the deaths in Chicago shows no deaths from cholera and only a slight rise in typhoid deaths. In fact, no cholera outbreaks had occurred in Chicago since the 1860s. Typhoid deaths never exceeded 1,000 in any year in the 1880s. The supposed 90,000 deaths would have represented 12% of the city's entire population and would have left numerous public records as well as newspaper accounts. Libby Hill, researching her book The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History, found no newspaper or mortality records and, at her prompting, the Chicago Tribune issued a retraction (on September 29, 2005) of the three recent instances where they had mentioned the epidemic.
